Cowden Syndrome: a single institution case series and literature review / Síndrome de Cowden: serie de casos de una única institución y revisión de la literatura

OBJECTIVE: Cowden Syndrome belongs to a group of disorders that are associated with germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The prevalence has been estimated to be 1 in 200,000-250,000. However, this prevalence may be underestimated due to many factors. Better understand Cowden Syndrome among our local population to provide genetic counseling and appropriate screening for different types of neoplasms associated to Cowden Syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case series analysis based on data maintained by the Breast Cancer and Hereditary Cancer Departments of the AC Camargo Cancer Center, a large specialized hospital in Brazil. RESULTS: Five cases are presented according to their diagnostic criteria, cancer rates, and outcomes for Cowden Syndrome. CONCLUSION: These cases highlight the need for a multi-institutional evaluation of Cowden Syndrome cases in order to better comprehend its prevalence in Brazil. To improve the outcome of patients with CS, a greater understanding of this syndrome is needed, as well as recognition of the value of periodic screening

OBJETIVO: El síndrome de Cowden (SC) pertenece a un grupo de trastornos asociados a las mutaciones germinales en el gen supresor del tumor, homólogo de fosfatasa y tensina (PTEN). La prevalencia ha sido estimada en uno por cada 200.000-250.000 sujetos. Sin embargo, esta prevalencia puede subestimarse debido a muchos factores. Nuestro objetivo es hacer que nuestra población local comprenda mejor el SC para proporcionar asesoramiento genético, así como un cribado adecuado para los diferentes tipos de neoplasias asociadas a dicho síndrome. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis de una serie de casos basado en los datos mantenidos por los Departamentos de Cáncer de Mama y Cáncer Hereditario del Centro para el Cáncer AC Camargo, un gran hospital especializado de Brasil. RESULTADOS: Se presentan 5 casos con arreglo a sus criterios diagnósticos, tasas de cáncer y resultados para el SC. CONCLUSIÓN: Estos casos subrayan la necesidad de realizar una evaluación multi-institucional de los casos del SC, a fin de comprender mejor su prevalencia en Brasil. Para mejorar el resultado de los pacientes con SC se necesita una mayor comprensión del mismo, así como el reconocimiento del valor del cribado periódico

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma in li-fraumeni syndrome: case-based literature review / Linfoma anaplásico de grandes células associado a implante na síndrome de Li-Fraumeni: relato de caso baseado em revisão de literatura

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a rare disease related to chronic seroma around breast implants. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma has been recently recognized by the World Health Organization as a type of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast. The main features comprise chronic seroma which develops a year posterior to breast surgery, with symptoms such as breast pain, swelling, skin hyperemia and a nodule or mass of the breast. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is associated with germline TP53 mutation and enhances the risks of developing many types of cancers, including breast and hematologic malignancies. We report a case of a 56-year-old female with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and a history of breast cancer who underwent a mastectomy to treat breast cancer and prophylactic contralateral nipple-sparing mastectomy followed by bilateral breast implant reconstruction with textured silicone implants. This patient developed Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma seven years later. A literature review on multidisciplinary approach to this condition was performed.

O linfoma anaplásico de células grandes associado ao implante mamário é uma doença rara relacionada ao seroma crônico em torno dos implantes mamários. O linfoma anaplásico de células grandes associado ao implante foi recentemente reconhecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como um tipo de linfoma não-Hodgkin de células T da mama. As principais características incluem o seroma crônico que se desenvolve um ano depois da cirurgia da mama, com sintomas como dor na mama, inchaço, hiperemia da pele e um nódulo ou massa da mama. A síndrome de Li-Fraumeni está associada à mutação da linha germinativa no TP53 e aumenta o risco de desenvolvimento de muitos tipos de câncer, incluindo neoplasias mamárias e hematológicas. Relatamos um caso de uma mulher de 56 anos de idade com Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni e um histórico de câncer de mama submetido a uma mastectomia para tratar câncer de mama e mastectomia profilática contralateral poupadora de mamilo seguida de reconstrução bilateral de implantes mamários com implantes de silicone texturizados. Esta paciente desenvolveu linfoma anaplásico de células grandes associado ao implante mamário sete anos depois. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre uma abordagem multidisciplinar para essa condição.

BRCA1 deficiency is a recurrent event in early-onset triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive analysis of germline mutations and somatic promoter methylation.

PURPOSE: BRCA1 germline mutation is closely associated with triple-negative breast cancer. BRCA deficiency leads to impaired DNA repair and tumor development, and understanding this deficiency, in both hereditary and sporadic scenarios, is of great clinical and biological interest. Here, we investigated germline or somatic events that might lead to BRCA1 impairment in triple-negative breast cancer. We also analyzed the clinical implications associated with BRCA deficiency. METHODS: Next-generation sequencing for the BRCA1/2 genes and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for the BRCA1 gene were performed for mutation screening. A customized bisulfite next-generation sequencing approach was used for assessing BRCA1 promoter methylation status in tumor tissue. RESULTS: A total of 131 triple-negative cases were assessed, and germline pathogenic variants were detected in 13.0% of all cases and in 26% of cases diagnosed in young women. Most germline pathogenic variants (88.2%) occurred in the BRCA1 gene. BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was detected in 20.6% of tumors; none of these tumors were in BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers. BRCA1 impairment by either germline or somatic events was significantly more frequent in young women (55% in those ≤ 40 years; 33% in those 41-50 years; 22% in those > 50 years of age) and associated with better overall and disease-free survival rates in this group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: BRCA1 deficiency was recurrent in early-onset triple-negative breast cancer in Brazilian patients and associated with improved survival. With the new treatment modalities being investigated, including poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapy, our results suggest that a significant proportion of young women with this subtype of tumor might benefit from PARP inhibitor treatment, which warrants further investigation.

Frequency of Thyroid Carcinoma in Brazilian TP53 p.R337H Carriers With Li Fraumeni Syndrome.

IMPORTANCE: Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is associated with a wide variety of tumors; nevertheless, thyroid carcinoma has not been evaluated in this syndrome. Due to the Brazilian founder mutation p.R337H, some tumors that have not been described in the classic LFS have been observed in a higher-than-expected prevalence in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of thyroid carcinoma in Brazilian carriers of a founder TP53 p.R337H mutation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We reviewed medical records of patients with LFS with germline TP53 p.R337H mutation. For a better understanding of the correlation between thyroid carcinoma and LFS, tumor profile data of Brazilian carriers were analyzed. We included data from 193 patients with LFS with the TP53 p.R337H mutation from the database of the Department of Oncogenetics from the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Thyroid tumors found in this population were reviewed with regard to age at diagnosis, sex, histologic subtype, and other tumors presented by these patients. RESULTS: Overall, 101 of 193 TP53 p.R337H mutation carriers with LFS from 58 families were cancer affected and, among them, thyroid carcinoma presented a prevalence of 10.9% (3 men and 8 women). The mean age at diagnosis was 44 years (median [SD], 43 [14.77] years). All the cases were histologically classified as papillary carcinomas, with 2 of them exhibiting follicular variant. The most common other cancers in the patients with thyroid carcinoma were breast cancer (5 patients) and soft-tissue sarcoma (2 patients). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Thyroid carcinoma may be associated with the Brazilian founder TP53 p.R337H mutation. Knowledge about this genotype/phenotype correlation is relevant to adjusting the LFS screening recommendations to these specific carriers.

Is early response by (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography a predictor of long-term outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer?

BACKGROUND: Identify in advance responder patients to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) would allow prompt interruption of ineffective therapies in non-responder patients. Hence, predictive markers are sought in numerous trials to detect responder patients, including tumor shrinkage measured by imaging methods. Usually, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) is used to evaluate tumor response in metastatic CRC, but these criteria are questionable with use of biological agents associated to chemotherapy. Our aim was correlate early metabolic response by (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ((18)FDG-PET-CT) with long-term outcome in metastatic CRC in first-line therapy. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 36 patients with metastatic CRC in first-line treatment with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin (folinic acid), oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin (folinic acid), irinotecan (FOLFIRI) associated with cetuximab or bevacizumab. (18)FDG-PET-CT was performed at baseline and after two cycles of chemotherapy. The early metabolic response [standardized uptake value (SUV)] was measured to identify responder and non-responder patients and correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Median age was 58.5 years (range, 41-74 years). PFS was 15.5 months for responder and 13.3 months for non-responder (P=0.42), OS was 55.7 months for responder and not reached for non-responder. There was no correlation between delta-SUV and clinical and pathological variables analyzed. In the subgroup of patients who did not undergo resection of metastasis (45%), PFS was higher for responders (15.3×6.8 months, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, early response by (18)FDG-PET-CT was not a predictor of long-term outcome for patients with metastatic CRC treated in the first-line chemotherapy with a monoclonal antibody.

Caracterização clínica e histopatológica da síndrome de Li-Fraumeni e síndrome Li-Fraumeni like em pacientes brasileiros / Clinical and histopathologic characterization of Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Li-Fraumeni like syndrome in Brazilian patients

INTRODUÇÃO: a Síndrome de Li-Fraumeni (LFS; OMIM#151623) é uma síndrome rara de predisposição hereditária ao câncer, de caráter autossômico dominante e de alta penetrância, relacionada a mutações germinativas no gene TP53. Os tumores típicos da LFS são sarcomas de partes moles e ósseos, leucemias, tumores do sistema nervoso central (SNC), tumores adrenocorticais e tumores de mama. No entanto, há uma variação no espectro tumoral de acordo com o genótipo. No Brasil, há uma alta prevalência da mutação germinativa p.R337H (presente em 0.3% da população do Sul e Sudeste) devido a um efeito fundador. O conhecimento do real espectro tumoral da síndrome associada a esta mutação fundadora ainda é objeto de discussão. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: foram avaliados dados clínicos, retrospectivamente, a partir de prontuários médicos, de 247 pacientes com LFS e LFS portadores de mutações germinativas no gene TP53, atendidos no Departamento de Oncogenética do A.C.Camargo Cancer Center de 2001 a 2015. As características dos tumores apresentados pelos pacientes portadores de mutação (espectro tumoral, idade do diagnóstico do primeiro tumor e dos tumores subsequentes, tipo histológico dos tumores) foram comparadas entre o grupo de portadores da mutação p.R337H e o grupo de pacientes com as demais mutações patogênicas no gene TP53. As taxas de frequência das mutações (p.R337H versus outras mutações), assim como sexo (masculino e feminino) foram correlacionados com o status de óbito, desenvolvimento ou não de câncer, a idade do diagnóstico do primeiro câncer, tempo do primeiro câncer até aparecimento do segundo câncer, através do teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. Foi aplicado o Teste T para amostras independentes. O estimador de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log rank foram utilizados para avaliar a influência das variáveis nos tempos de sobrevida global, tempo de aparecimento do primeiro câncer e tempo do primeiro câncer até aparecimento do segundo câncer. RESULTADOS: de 247 portadores de LFS incluídos no estudo, 193 pacientes eram portadores da mutação p.R337H. Deste total de 193 portadores da mutação p.R337H, 101 pacientes apresentaram câncer (52.3%) e 23,8% dos pacientes com câncer tiveram dois ou mais tumores ao longo da vida; enquanto dos 54 pacientes portadores de outras mutações no gene TP53 (21.9% da população total), 39 pacientes tiveram câncer (72.2%), p=0.009. A idade média de diagnóstico do primeiro câncer nos portadores da mutação p.R337H foi de 30.8 anos, comparada a 28.9 anos nos portadores de outras mutações no gene TP53, p=0.604. nos portadores da mutação p.R337H, o primeiro tumor também ocorreu em idade mais precoce nas pacientes femininas (média de 34.7 anos versus 50.4 anos, p<0.001). Em relação ao espectro dos tumores p.R337H na nossa população, câncer de mama e sarcoma de partes moles foram os tumores mais frequentes, seguidos de carcinoma adrenocortical, perfazendo 70,5% dos tumores apresentados nesta população. Nos portadores de outras mutações no gene TP53 , câncer de mama, sarcoma de partes moles, tumor de sistema nervoso central e sarcoma ósseo corresponderam a 69.3% de todos os tumores observados. Nossos dados revelam uma alta frequência de carcinoma adrenocortical (21.5%), carcinoma papilífero de tireoide (6.8%), adenocarcinoma de pulmão (4.9%) e carcinoma renal (4.3%) nos portadores da mutação p.R337H. Interessantemente carcinoma colorretal foi observado apenas nos portadores de outras mutações não-p.R337H. O sarcoma de partes moles nos portadores p.R337H mais frequente foi o leiomiossarcoma e a idade média de diagnóstico foi 46.8 anos; nos portadores das outras mutações, rabdomiossarcoma e leiomiossarcoma foram os subtipos mais frequentes e a idade média do diagnóstico foi 24 anos (p=0.001). A idade média de diagnóstico de câncer de mama foi 42.8 anos nos portadores da mutação p.R337H e 37 anos nos portadores das demais mutações no gene TP53 (p=0.029). O câncer de mama nos portadores das outras mutações apresentavam hiperexpressão de HER2 em 62.5% dos casos, comparado a 19% nos tumores de mama das portadoras da mutação p.R337H. CONCLUSÕES: nossos dados mostram um espectro tumoral distinto para os portadores da LFS com a mutação p.R337H. Esses dados podem ajudar a estabelecer um programa de rastreamento para esses portadores diferente do preconizado para os portadores das demais mutações no gene TP53.

INTRODUCTION: Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS, OMIM #151623) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder inherited by germline TP53 mutations. Carriers have a high lifetime risk of developing multiple early-onset childhood and adult cancers, including soft tissue and bone sarcomas, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, adrenocortical tumors (ACT), breast cancer and leucemia. However, tumor spectrum may have difference according to genotype. In Brazil, it is observed a high prevalence of a founder germline mutation p.R337H (present in 0.3% of the population in South and Southeast). The exact tumor profile associated to p.R337H carriers is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we have analyzed medical records of a cohort of 247 germline TP53 mutation carriers, members of Brazilian families who fulfilled LFS/LFL clinical criteria, between 2001 and 2015 from the Oncogenetics Department at A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Clinical data were retrospectively evaluated and the tumor characteristics of carriers (tumor spectrum, age at diagnosis, histological subtype) were compared between p.R337H carriers and carriers of other mutations in TP53 gene. The mutation status (p.R337H and other mutations) and gender (male and female) were correlated with death rate, cancer risk, age at diagnosis of cancer, interval between the first and the second cancer diagnosis, using the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. The T test was used for independent samples analysis. The Kaplan-Meier and log rank test were used to evaluate the influence of variables on overall survival, time and cancer the first time until onset of the second cancer. RESULTS: the study evaluated 247 patients with LFS, 193 patients had the mutation p.R337H. Among 193 p.R337H carriers, 101 patients had cancer (52.3%) and 23.8% of cancer-affected carriers had two or more tumors lifetime; whereas from 54 non-p.R337H mutation carriers, 39 patients were cancer-affected (72.2%), p = 0.009. The mean age at diagnosis of first cancer in p.R337H carriers was 30.8 years old (yo) compared to 28.9 yo in non-p.R337H mutation carriers, p = 0.604. In p.R337H patients, the first tumor occurred at an earlier age in female patients (mean age at 34.7 yo vs. 50.4 yo, p <0.001). Regarding the tumor spectrum in p.R337H carriers, breast cancer and soft tissue sarcoma were the most frequent tumors, followed by adrenocortical carcinoma (70.5% of the total of tumors). In non-p.R337H mutation carriers, breast cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, central nervous system tumor and bone sarcoma accounted for 69.3% of all tumors observed. Our results showed a high frequency of adrenocortical carcinoma (21.5%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (6.8%), lung adenocarcinoma (4.9%) and renal cell carcinoma (4.3%) in p.R337H patients. Interestingly, colorectal carcinoma was observed only in nonp.R337H mutation patients. Leiomyosarcoma was the most frequent sarcoma subtype in p.R337H carriers and the mean age at diagnosis was 46.8 yo; in non-p.R337H mutation patients, rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma were the most frequent subtypes and the mean age at diagnosis was 24 yo (p = 0.001). The mean age at diagnosis of breast cancer was 42.8 yo in p.R337H patients and 37 yo in non-p.R337H mutation patients (p = 0.029). The breast cancer in non-p.R337H mutation patients showed overexpression of HER2 in 62.5% of cases, compared to 19% in breast tumors from p.R337H carriers. CONCLUSIONS: our clinical cohort revealed a different tumor spectrum associated with p.R337H TP53 mutation. The major limitation in our study was the relatively small sample of nonp.R337H mutation carriers to compare with p.R337H carriers. Notwithstanding, our findings offer insight into exploring a distinct cancer screening protocol for p.R337H mutation carriers in Brazil.

Aortic dissection during antiangiogenic therapy with sunitinib. A case report / Dissecção de aorta em terapia anti-angiogênica com sunitinibe. Um relato de caso

CONTEXT: Sunitinib is an antiangiogenic drug that has been approved for treating metastatic renal cancer. Its action as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and other angiogenesis receptors may lead to adverse effects such as hypertension and heart failure. However, reports in the literature on an association between sunitinib therapy and acute aortic dissection are rare. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 68-year-old man with metastatic renal carcinoma who developed acute aortic dissection during sunitinib therapy. He had no history of hypertension or any other risk factor for aortic dissection. After aortic dissection had been diagnosed, sunitinib was withdrawn and an aortic endoprosthesis was placed. Afterwards, the patient was treated clinically with antihypertensive drugs and new therapy for renal cancer consisting of temsirolimus, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. CONCLUSION: Hypertension is a common event when antiangiogenic drugs are used in oncology. However, knowledge of other severe cardiovascular events that may occur in these patients, such as acute aortic dissection, is important. Adequate control over arterial pressure and frequent monitoring of patients during the first days of antiangiogenic therapy is essential for early diagnosis of possible adverse events. .

CONTEXTO: Sunitinibe é uma droga antiangiogênica aprovada para tratamento de câncer renal metastático. Sua ação como inibidor de tirosina quinase de receptores de fatores de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGFR) e de outros receptores de angiogênese pode levar a eventos adversos como hipertensão e insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, é escassa na literatura a associação da terapia com sunitinibe e dissecção aguda de aorta. RELATO DE CASO: Relatamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino de 68 anos com câncer renal metastático que desenvolveu dissecção aguda de aorta durante tratamento com sunitinibe. O paciente não tinha histórico prévio de hipertensão nem outro fator de risco para dissecção de aorta. Após diagnóstico da dissecção de aorta, a droga foi suspensa e o paciente foi submetido à colocação de endoprótese na aorta, evoluindo posteriormente com controle clínico da pressão arterial e nova terapia para câncer renal com tensirolimo, um inibidor da via proteína alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (mTOR). CONCLUSÕES: A hipertensão é um evento comum com uso de drogas antiangiogênicas na oncologia. No entanto, é importante o conhecimento de outros eventos cardiovasculares graves, como dissecção aguda de aorta, que podem ocorrer nesses pacientes. Controle adequado da pressão arterial e monitorização frequente dos pacientes nos primeiros dias de terapia antiangiogênica são essenciais para diagnóstico precoce de possíveis eventos graves. .

Trombose venosa cerebral em paciente com câncer colorretal sob quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil infusional (esquema de Gramont) associado a bevacizumabe / Cerebral vein thrombosis in colorectal cancer patient under chemotherapy with 5-FU de Gramont regimen plus bevacizumab

Introdução: A trombose venosa cerebral constitui entidade clínica rara, respondendo por menos de 1% dos casos de AVC. Está associada a trombofilias hereditárias, infecções parameníngeas, traumatismos, além de vasculites, câncer e a própria quimioterapia. Relato do caso: Paciente de 59 anos com adenocarcinoma colônico sob quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracil infusional (esquema de Gramont) associado a bevacizumabe apresentou quadro de tontura em desequilíbrio, déficit de força em membro inferior, cefaleia e convulsões, sendo constatada trombose venosa cerebral. Evoluiu com reversão total dos déficits neurológicos com anticoagulação. Conclusão: Enfatiza-se papel do câncer e da própria quimioterapia na etiopatogenia da trombose venosa cerebral em paciente sem aparente trombofilia hereditária e outros fatores tipicamente implicados na gênese desta rara condição.

Aortic dissection during antiangiogenic therapy with sunitinib. A case report.

CONTEXT: Sunitinib is an antiangiogenic drug that has been approved for treating metastatic renal cancer. Its action as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and other angiogenesis receptors may lead to adverse effects such as hypertension and heart failure. However, reports in the literature on an association between sunitinib therapy and acute aortic dissection are rare. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 68-year-old man with metastatic renal carcinoma who developed acute aortic dissection during sunitinib therapy. He had no history of hypertension or any other risk factor for aortic dissection. After aortic dissection had been diagnosed, sunitinib was withdrawn and an aortic endoprosthesis was placed. Afterwards, the patient was treated clinically with antihypertensive drugs and new therapy for renal cancer consisting of temsirolimus, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. CONCLUSION: Hypertension is a common event when antiangiogenic drugs are used in oncology. However, knowledge of other severe cardiovascular events that may occur in these patients, such as acute aortic dissection, is important. Adequate control over arterial pressure and frequent monitoring of patients during the first days of antiangiogenic therapy is essential for early diagnosis of possible adverse events.

Cetuximab desensitization protocol in two patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after grade 3 infusion reaction to cetuximab

Targeted monoclonal antibodies have become an important therapeutic option for patients with cancer. Cetuximab, a chimeric mouse-human (30:70) immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor, has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of head and neck and metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Severe (grade 3/4) hypersensitivity-infusion reactions (HIRs) occur in 2-3% of the patients, with fatal outcomes in 0.1%. It is recommended that patients showing severe HIRs to cetuximab should avoid further exposure to it, but in some cases there is no alternative treatment. Two options are currently available for patients with HIRs to cetuximab: desensitization protocol and panitumumab. We describe here two patients with mCRC who successfully underwent a cetuximab desensitization protocol following a severe HIR to cetuximab.